About Sociology Department

Welcome to the Department of Sociology, Post Graduate Government College, Sector 46, Chandigarh (UT), India.

The department offers teaching facilities in B.A. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th & 6th Semesters in Sociology & faculty engaged in guiding & supervising Ph.D. students of Panjab University, Chandigarh, India & faculty other social welfare activities. The department has two Regular Faculties, with very high academic degrees & intellectual backgrounds.

• Sh. Punditrao Dharenavar (M.A., M.Phil.), HoD, Asst. Professor
• Dr. Sunakar Patra (M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D.), Associate Professor

Vision & Values

Apart from regular teaching & research facilities, the department imparts futuristic plans & programs for the students. The department makes all endeavours to build every student as a successful human being & law-abiding citizen of the Republic of India. From time to time, socially & legally acceptable & recognised values are inculcated in the students. Students are also encouraged to support & contribute towards the protection, preservation & sustenance of the natural environment, art, architecture, heritage & filtered values of our great Republic.

Objectives

1. Sociology is a comprehensive package of knowledge about human relationships & human society.
2. Sociology is very beneficial to understand the static as well as dynamic aspects of social life.
3. Sociology provides a multitude of knowledge to the learners to solve different social issues & problems.
4. Sociology is a job-oriented stream of knowledge, particularly for job seekers in the field of N.G.O., policy-making, teaching, etc.
5. Sociology helps the learner to understand & learn various socially recognised & preserved values, norms, culture, manners, etc.

Outcomes

1. The Department of Sociology has been successful in imparting adequate knowledge to the learners.
2. Students in substantial numbers have been able to apply the knowledge of sociology in solving their day-to-day problems & issues.
3. Many students have been able to get lucrative employments/earning opportunities in the field of sociology.
4. The department has helped many learners to pursue research/higher studies.  

Departmental Activities

Session 2018-19

1. A weekly regular Saturday classroom seminar was held on Jiddu Krishanmurty and other thinkers including Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Akka Mahadevi, Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji, Lord Basavanna and M N Sriniwas, etc. on 3/2/2019, 10/2/2018 and every subsequent Saturday.
2. Classroom seminars were held on social behaviour because it was found that students were lacking in social behaviour.
3. Apart from classroom activities, students were asked to visit libraries regularly.
4. A special lecture was held on the bad impact of Vulgar, Alcoholic and Weaponry songs after which many students removed their bad songs from Mobile.
5. Career counselling lecturer was held on 17/1/2018  for BA 3rd Year students.
6. Students were asked to take social responsibility to carry on the 'Neighborhood campaign' against Noise pollution.

Session 2019-20

1. To empower students, Sociological Quiz was organized on 12th September 2019 on Social groups, Social Interactions and social institutions such as religion, government and family.
2. A Special lecture was organized on 10th October 2019 which was delivered by Happy Tara Singh, the Punjabi lyricist. It was an initiative to improve the degenerating culture, to develop the qualities of courtesy and decency, and to increase awareness against alcohol and drugs.
3. A lecture was delivered by Mohan Singh Bhangu on 'Helen Keller: Life and Achievements' on  23rd Jan 2019. It motivated the students to the brave and courageous as she was the first deaf and blind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.
4. A weekly regular Saturday classroom seminar was held on Jiddu Krishanmurty and other thinkers including Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Akka Mahadevi, Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji, Lord Basavanna and M N Sriniwas, etc. on 2/2/2019 and every subsequent Saturday.
5. Classroom seminars were held on social behaviour because it was found that students were lacking in social behaviour.
6. Apart from classroom activities, students were asked to visit libraries regularly.
7. A special lecture was held on the bad impact of Vulgar, Alcoholic and Weaponry songs after which many students removed their songs from Mobile.
8. Students were asked to take social responsibility to carry on the 'Neighborhood campaign' against Noise pollution as directed by Honorable Punjab and Haryana High Court, Chandigarh.
9. A career counselling lecture was held on 29/1/2019 for BA 3rd Year students.

Session 2020-21

1. As COVID-19 occurred, regular online awareness lectures were held to help students to come over the shocking and sudden occurrence of the Pandemic.
2. By online lecture, students were asked to be aware of the bad impact of Vulgar, Alcoholic and Weaponry songs. The students were asked not to watch unwanted online stuff such as Vulgar, Alcoholic and Weaponry songs.
3. By online lecture, students were asked to help the government by following COVID-19 guidelines.
4. Online motivation lectures were held through Google Classroom and Zoom in which Dr. Arjit from Panjab University, Chandigarh delivered a lecture on 12/8/2020.
5. The online lecture was held to teach students how to attend online classes & examinations because students were new to online.
6. Online Career counselling lectures were held for BA 3rd Year students.
7. A National Webinar on 'COVID-19 Pandemic, Developmental Challenges & Rebooting Measures' was organised on 21st October 2020 by the department. Two distinguished speakers named Dr. BK Ray (Director, National Skill Development Institute, Bhubaneswar; Regional Directorate Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship, Govt. of India) & Dr. Aswini Kumar Nanda (Professor, Centre for Research in Rural & Industrial Development [CRRID], Chandigarh) delivered very educative & inspiring lectures on the topic of the Crisis of COVID-19 Pandemic & Rebooting Measures taken at different levels for the overall development of the country.
8. Students were inspired & motivated to follow COVID-19 Pandemic Appropriate behaviour & protocols in their day-to-day life.
9. Students were also encouraged & advised to participate in the activities of different Societies of the College through the online mode.

Panjab University Syllabi (Sociology)

Session 2020-21

BA 1st Semester

FUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIOLOGY

Max. Marks: 100

Theory: 90 marks

Internal Assessment: 10 marks

Time : 3 Hours

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTER AND THE CANDIDATES :

1. For written paper, the students will be required to attempt five questions in all. Question No. I will be compulsory comprising of 12 short answer type questions of 2 marks each and will cover the entire syllabus. The students are required to attempt nine short answer type questions out of 12, i.e. 9 X 2 = 18 marks. In addition to it, Question Nos. II to IX will consist of long answer (essay type) questions, two questions from each Unit with internal choice carrying 18 marks each i.e. 4 X 18 = 72 marks.
2. On average, 15 hours are to be devoted for each Unit.
3. For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal assessment, the marks secured by them in theory paper will proportionately be increased to maximum marks of the paper in lieu of internal assessment.

The paper-setter must put a note (iii) in the question paper.

Objective : 

This paper aims at introducing Fundamentals of Sociology to the beginners of the subject, the basic understanding of Sociology as a discipline. Study of various terms, concepts and processes will help students in formulating a Sociological Viewpoint and an easy comprehension of the discipline at later stages. 

Course Content :

Unit-1

Introduction to Sociology: Origin and Development; Nature and Significance

Relationship of Sociology with other Social Sciences –Anthropology, History and Psychology

Unit-2

Understanding Society: Meaning, Characteristics, Theories of Origin of Society – Organic and SocialContract. Relationship between Individual and Society

Social Groups: Meaning, Characteristics and Classification Primary and Secondary Groups Ingroups & Outgroups, Reference Group

Unit-3

Culture: Meaning and Features, Culture and Civilization, Cultural Lag, Acculturation, Assimilation, Cultural Pluralism

Dimensions of Culture: Cultural Trait, Cultural Patterns, Cultural Complexes, Cultural Relativism

Unit-4

Socialisation: Meaning, Stages, Agencies and Theories of Mead and Cooley

Social Control: Meaning, Types and Agencies – Formal and Informal

Essential Readings:

1. Bhushan Vidya & Sachdeva D.D. (2014): An Introduction of Sociology Kitab Mahal, Allahabad
2. Bottomore, T.B. (1975): Introduction to Sociology, Bombay: Blackie and Sons
3. Bottomore, T.B. (1975): Sociology: A Guide to Problems and Literature (Hindi and English), Bombay: Blackie and Sons
4. Davis, Kingsley (1978): Human Society, London: MacMillan Company
5. Dube, S.C. (1990): Understanding Society - A Text Book, NCERT
6. MacIver, R.M. and C.H. Page: Society, London: MacMillan Company
7. MacIonis, John, J. (2005) : Society: The Basics, New York: Prentice-Hall
8. Rao, Shankar, C.N.: Sociology—Primary Principles of Sociology. S.S. Chand and Company Ltd.
9. Madhurima (2021): Readings in Sociology – Semester-1, Jalandhar: New Academic Publishing House (All Mediums)
10. Sharma, R.N. (2001): Samajshastra Ke Sidhant, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers 

Further Readings:

1. Broom, L. and P. Selznick (1968): Sociology, New York: Harper and Row
2. Berger, Peter L. (1998): Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective, U.S.A.: Pelican Books
3. Giddens, Anthony Sutton Philip M (2013): Sociology: Seventh Edition, Polity Press
4. Haralambos, M. (2010) Heald R.M.: Sociology: Themes & Perspectives, New Delhi: Oxford University Press
5. Harlombos & Holborn (2014): Sociology: Themes & Perspectives Collins Education E Editing Work
6. Schaefer, Richard, T. and Robert P. Lamm (1999): Sociology, New Delhi: Tata-McGraw Hill

Session 2020-21

BA 2nd Semester

SOCIOLOGY OF STRATIFICATION

Max. Marks: 100

Theory: 90 marks

Internal Assessment: 10 marks

Time : 3 Hours

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTER AND THE CANDIDATES :

1. For written paper, the students will be required to attempt five questions in all. Question No. I will be compulsory comprising of 12 short answer type questions of 2 marks each and will cover the entire syllabus. The students are required to attempt nine short answer type questions out of 12, i.e. 9 X 2 = 18 marks. In addition to it, Question Nos. II to IX will consist of long answer (essay type) questions, two questions from each Unit with internal choice carrying 18 marks each i.e. 4 X 18 = 72 marks.
2. On average, 15 hours are to be devoted for each Unit.
3. For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal assessment, the marks secured by them in theory paper will proportionately be increased to maximum marks of the paper in lieu of internal assessment.

The paper-setter must put a note (iii) in the question paper.

Objective : 

All over the world, social groups are differentiated from one another and often ranked in terms of certain criteria. In this paper, students are exposed to the theoretical understanding of social stratification. In the Indian context, it is pertinent to apprise the students of the concept of social mobility and various factors that contribute to it. The major purpose of this course is to prepare the students to understand the hierarchical structure of groups in various societies and help them understand social mobility.

Course Content :

Unit-1

Social Stratification – Meaning, feature and functions; Inequalities – Social and Natural

Elements: Differentiation, Hierarchy, Ranking, Reward, Evaluation

Unit-2

Theories of Social Stratification: Functionalist – Davis and Moore

Conflict – Marx. Class, Status, Party – Weber

Unit-3

Forms of Social stratification: Caste, Class, Race and Gender. The interface between caste and class. 

Unit-4

Social Mobility – Meaning, types, factors

Indicators – Education, Occupation, Income

Essential Readings:

1. Bendix, R. & Lipset, S.M. (1974): Class, Status & Power: Social Stratification in Comparative Perspective, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
2. Ghurye, G.S. (1983): Caste, Class and Occupation, Bombay: Popular Prakashan
3. Giddens, Anthony (2001): Sociology: A Text Book for the Nineties, London: Polity
4. Haralambos, M. (1998): Sociology: Themes and Perspectives, New Delhi: Oxford University Press
5. Macionis, John J. (2005) : Society: The Basics, New York: Prentice Hall
6. Sharma, K.L. (1980): Essays in Social Stratification, Jaipur: Rawat
7. Tumin, M. (1987): Social Stratification, New Delhi: Prentice-Hall
8. Rao, Shankar, C.N.: Sociology—Primary Principles of Sociology. S.S. Chand and Company Ltd.
9. Madhurima (2021): Readings in Sociology – Semester-2, Jalandhar: New Academic Publishing House (All Mediums)
10. Sharma K.L. (2009): Social Inequality in India, Jaipur Rawat Publication

Further Readings:

1. Beteille, Andre (ed.) (1978): Social Inequality, Auckland: Penguin Books
2. Beteille, Andre (1996): 'Varna & Jati', Sociological Bulletin, Vol. 45, No. 1 (March) Pages 15-27
3. Gupta, Dipankar (2008): Social Stratification, New Delhi: Oxford University Press
4. Singh, Yogendra, (2006): Social Stratification and Change in India, New Delhi

Session 2020-21

BA 3rd Semester

SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIAL CHANGE

Max. Marks: 100

Theory: 90 marks

Internal Assessment: 10 marks

Time : 3 Hours

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTER AND THE CANDIDATES :

1. For written paper, the students will be required to attempt five questions in all. Question No. I will be compulsory comprising of 12 short answer type questions of 2 marks each and will cover the entire syllabus. The students are required to attempt nine short answer type questions out of 12, i.e. 9 X 2 = 18 marks. In addition to it, Question Nos. II to IX will consist of long answer (essay type) questions, two questions from each Unit with internal choice carrying 18 marks each i.e. 4 X 18 = 72 marks.
2. On average, 15 hours are to be devoted for each Unit.
3. For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal assessment, the marks secured by them in theory paper will proportionately be increased to maximum marks of the paper in lieu of internal assessment.

The paper-setter must put a note (iii) in the question paper.

Objective : 

This paper basically introduces students both to conceptual and some theoretical understanding of the social structure and social change. Students are introduced to characteristics and elements of social structure and to understand the meaning, process and factors of social change.

Course Content :

Unit-1

Social Structure: Meaning, Characteristics, Elements – Status, Role, Power and Prestige. Norms and Values 

Unit-2

Social Change: Meaning and Features

Types of Social Change: Evolution (Comte), Revolution (Marx), Development – Changing Connotations

Unit-3

Factors of Social Change: Economic, Demographic, Education, Legislative, Scientific and Technological 

Unit-4

Processes of Social Change: Sanskritisation, Westernisation, Modernisation and Secularisation, Globalisation and its impact on Society

Essential Readings:

1. Bierstedt, Robert (1970): Social Order, New York: McGraw Hill
2. Haferkand, H. and Smelser, N.J. (1992): Social Change and Modernity, Berkeley: University of California Press
3. MacIonis, John, J. (2005): Society: The Basics, New York: Prentice Hall
4. Madhurima (2021): Readings in Sociology – Semester-3, Jalandhar: New Academic Publishing House (All Mediums)
5. Moore, Wilbert (2004): Social Change, New Delhi, Prentice Hall
6. Singh, Yogendra (1993): Social Change in India, New Delhi: Haranand Publications
7. Srinivas, M.N. (1963): Social Change in Modern India, Berkeley: University of California Press
8. Rao, Shankar, C.N.: Sociology—Primary Principles of Sociology. S.S. Chand and Company Ltd.

Further Readings:

1. Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. (1979): Structure and Function in Primitive Society, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
2. Haralambos, M. (1998): Sociology: Themes and Perspectives, New Delhi: Oxford University Press
3. Talcott, Parsons (1959): Social System, London: Tavistock Publications
4. Singh, Yogendra (1996): 'Sociology and the Emerging Challenge of Change', Sociological Bulletin, Volume 45, No. 1, March, Page 1-14
5. Srinivas, M.N., (2011): Social Change in Modern India, Hyderabad, Orient Black Swan
6. Kuppu (Swamy, B, 2001): Social Change in India, Delhi, Konark

Session 2020-21

BA 4th Semester

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Max. Marks: 100

Theory: 90 marks

Internal Assessment: 10 marks

Time : 3 Hours

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTER AND THE CANDIDATES :

1. For written paper, the students will be required to attempt five questions in all. Question No. I will be compulsory comprising of 12 short answer type questions of 2 marks each and will cover the entire syllabus. The students are required to attempt nine short answer type questions out of 12, i.e. 9 X 2 = 18 marks. In addition to it, Question Nos. II to IX will consist of long answer (essay type) questions, two questions from each Unit with internal choice carrying 18 marks each i.e. 4 X 18 = 72 marks.
2. On average, 15 hours are to be devoted for each Unit.
3. For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal assessment, the marks secured by them in theory paper will proportionately be increased to maximum marks of the paper in lieu of internal assessment.

The paper-setter must put a note (iii) in the question paper.

Objective : 

In this paper, a social institution as a concept is introduced to the students. The study of various institutions which are foundations of human society will help students to look at society objectively and analytically.

Course Content :

Unit-1

Institutions – Meaning, Features; Normative and Relational aspects of Institutions. Types – Social, Political, Economic and Cultural.

Difference of Institutions with Society Community and Association

Unit-2

Social Institutions:

Marriage – Types: Monogamy and Polygamy; Rules of Mate Selection, Contemporary Trends

Family – Meaning, Types, Structure, Function; Development Cycle and Changing Trends

Kinship – Meaning, Significance and a Brief Understanding of Incest, Consanguinity, Affinity, Clan, Lineage, Contemporary Trends

Unit-3

Political Institutions – State, Government and Political Parties – Features and Functions

Economic Institutions – Features and Functions, Property, Division of Labour (Emile Durkheim)

Unit-4

Cultural Institutions – Religion: Meaning elements, Types, Functions (Emile Durkheim & Max Weber), Dysfunctions

Essential Readings:

1. Christensen, H.(ed.) (1964): Handbook of Marriage & Family, New Delhi: Allyn and Bacon
2. Fox, Robin (1967): Kinship and Marriage: An Anthropological Perspective; Baltimore: Penguin BooksGiddens, Anthony (2001): Sociology: A Text Book for the Nineties, London: Polity
3. Giddens, Anthony (2013): Sociology: A Text Book for the Nineties, London: Polity
4. Haralambos, M. (1998): Sociology: Themes and Perspectives, New Delhi: Oxford University Press
5. Johnson, Harry, M. (1998): Sociology: A Systematic Introduction, Delhi: Allied Publishers
6. Rao, Shankar, C.N.: Sociology of Indian Society - S.S. Chand and Company Ltd.
7. Madhurima (2021): Readings in Sociology – Semester-4, Jalandhar: New Academic Publishing House (All Mediums)

Further Readings:

1. K.M. Kapadia (1996): Marriage & Family in India, Delhi, Oxford University Press
2. Bronislaw Malinowski (1944): A Scientific Theory of Culture & other Essay (ed.) Huntington Cairns, C Hapel Hall, The University of North Caroliva Press
3. Particia Uberoi (1997): Family, Kinship & Marriage in India, New Delhi, Oxford University Press
4. Max Weber (1968): The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism-R.H. Tawney (ed.) Unvwin University, Book London

Session 2020-21

BA 5th Semester

SOCIETY IN INDIA

Max. Marks: 100

Theory: 90 marks

Internal Assessment: 10 marks

Time : 3 Hours

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTER AND THE CANDIDATES :

1. For written paper, the students will be required to attempt five questions in all. Question No. I will be compulsory comprising of 12 short answer type questions of 2 marks each and will cover the entire syllabus. The students are required to attempt nine short answer type questions out of 12, i.e. 9 X 2 = 18 marks. In addition to it, Question Nos. II to IX will consist of long answer (essay type) questions, two questions from each Unit with internal choice carrying 18 marks each i.e. 4 X 18 = 72 marks.
2. On average, 15 hours are to be devoted for each Unit.
3. For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal assessment, the marks secured by them in theory paper will proportionately be increased to maximum marks of the paper in lieu of internal assessment.

The paper-setter must put a note (iii) in the question paper.

Objective : 

The objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive view of Indian Society. The students are exposed to the tribal, rural and urban societies and are presented with the social structure and social institutions to understand Indian society segments. Through this paper, the students are also introduced to the problems of the underprivileged in Indian Society.

Course Content :

Unit-1

Tribal Society: Meaning, Characteristics; Classification of tribes

Institutional Features: Family, Marriage, Economy and Changing trends

Unit-2

Rural Society: Meaning; Characteristics

Institutional Features: Family, Marriage; Economy and Polity (Village Panchayat); Changing Trends

Unit-3

Urban Society: Meaning and characteristics, Concepts of urbanization and urbanism; Institutional features; Urban family - features and changes; Economy; Voluntary associations; Slums

Unit-4

Under-privileged Sections — Women, Physically Disabled, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes: Measures to improve their status

Essential Readings:

1. Bose, N.K. (1980): Tribal Life in India, National Book Trust
2. Desai, A.R. (1969): Rural Sociology in India, Bombay: Popular Prakashan
3. Desai, A.R. (2006): Social Background of Indian Nationalism, Mumbai Popular Prakashan
4. Lal, S.N. & Nahar, U.R. (1992): Rural Social Transformations, Jaipur: Rawat
5. Madan & Majumdar (1989): An Introduction to Social Anthropology, New Delhi: National Publications (Hindi & English)
6. Rao, Shankar, C.N.: Sociology of Indian Society - S.S. Chand and Company Ltd.
7. Madhurima (2021): Readings in Sociology – Semester-5, Jalandhar: New Academic Publishing House (All Mediums)
8. Singh, K.S. (2002): The Scheduled Castes, New Delhi: Oxford University Press

Further Readings:

1. Ahuja, Ram (2015): Social Problems in India, Jaipur, Rawat Publications
2. Mahajan, Sanjeev (2004): Gramin Samajshastra, New Delhi: Arjun Publishing House
3. Punit, A.E. (1978): Social Systems in Rural India, New Delhi: Sterling Publications
4. Rao, M.S., Chandrashekar Bhatt, L.N. Kelkar (eds.) (1991): A Reader in Urban Sociology, New Delhi: Orient Longman

Session 2020-21

BA 6th Semester

DISORGANISATION & EMERGING PROBLEMS

Max. Marks: 100

Theory: 90 marks

Internal Assessment: 10 marks

Time : 3 Hours

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTER AND THE CANDIDATES :

1. For written paper, the students will be required to attempt five questions in all. Question No. I will be compulsory comprising of 12 short answer type questions of 2 marks each and will cover the entire syllabus. The students are required to attempt nine short answer type questions out of 12, i.e. 9 X 2 = 18 marks. In addition to it, Question Nos. II to IX will consist of long answer (essay type) questions, two questions from each Unit with internal choice carrying 18 marks each i.e. 4 X 18 = 72 marks.
2. On average, 15 hours are to be devoted for each Unit.
3. For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal assessment, the marks secured by them in theory paper will proportionately be increased to maximum marks of the paper in lieu of internal assessment.

The paper-setter must put a note (iii) in the question paper.

Objective : 

This paper exposes the students to social disorganization, its levels and current problems. It helps students to understand social realities and also equips them to utilize their knowledge in various theoretical and practical exercises.

Course Content :

Unit-1

Social Disorganisation: Concepts and Levels –Personal, Familial and Societal  

Unit-2

Personal Problems: Problems of Adolescence; Alcoholism; Drug Addiction, Suicide  

Unit-3

Familial Problems: Domestic Violence, Violence against Children; Female-Headed Households; Problems of Working Women

Unit-4

Societal Problems: Poverty; Corruption; Problems of the Aged, Cybercrime

Essential Readings:

1. Ahuja, Ram (2015): Social Problems in India, Jaipur: Rawat Publications
2. Elliot, H.V. & Merill, F. (1950): Social Disorganization, New York: Harper Brothers
3. Madan, G.R. (1978): Indian Social Problems, New Delhi: Allied Publishers
4. Mitra, S.M. (2005): Indian Problems, New Delhi: Eastern Book Corporation
5. Rao, Shankar, C.N. (2015): Indian Social Problems: A Sociological Perspective, S. Chand & Company, New Delhi
6. Rao, Shankar, C.N.: Sociology of Indian Society - S.S. Chand and Company Ltd.
7. Madhurima (2021): Readings in Sociology – Semester-6, Jalandhar: New Academic Publishing House (All Mediums)

Further Readings:

1. Rao, Shankar, C.N. (2007): Indian Society, Delhi: S. Chand and Company
2. Phandaris, Urmila (1989): Ethnicity and Nation Building in South Asia, New Delhi: Sage
3. Natrajan, P.S. (2003): 'A Theory of Indian Communalism' in Think India Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 3, July-Sept
4. Chakraborty, Rajgopal Dhar (2004): The Greying of India: Population, Ageing in the Context of Asia, New Delhi: Sage
5. Pendse Neelkanth Ganjan, Sarkar Sukanta (2015): Social Problems in India, Delhi, Kalpur Publications

YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEO5eknZlnjMeDLYFxeGMwA

Click: E-CONTENT FOR BA SOCIOLOGY

Official Website: pggc46.ac.in